Information System IT And Organizational Culture Information Technology Essay

Information System IT And Organizational Culture Information Technology Essay What make information system so essential and vital today for every organization? Why heavy investment in information systems and information technologies are still continuing and increasing day by day? The trend today is all set to form an effective and efficient mechanism for improving business processes and achieving overall organizational strategies. In this report we aim to evaluate and analysis the relationship of information system and information technologies with organization and effect of organizational culture in information system development. Information system is the mean by which the people of organization utilize technologies, obtained, process, store, and spread information internally and externally. We can also explain information system in broader way. Combination of hardware, software infrastructure and trained personnel organized to facilitate planning, controlling coordination and decisions making. E:mis10eimagesimg01_05.jpg Nature of information system Before defining organizational information system, the term system, information and management or organization must briefly be explained. A system is a combination or arrangement of parts to form an integrated whole. A system is a plan or method of doing something, on other hand information is what is using in the act of informing or the state of being informed. Management can be defines as planning, organizing, directing and controlling the bossiness operation. Now if we merge all these concepts it becomes management information system. Management information system is that system which allows manager to make decision for the successful operation of the business. Management information systems consist of computer resource, people, and procedure use in modern business organization. Division of information system An information system consists of four parts: procedure, hardware, software, and data. There are different types of systems within an organization, for example: transaction processing system, decision support system, office system, knowledge management system, and office management system. All these systems design to perform tasks for which human brain are not well suited, such as: handling large amount of information, performing complex calculation and controlling many simultaneous processes. Every organization always consider and trying to achieve main objectives set by top management or at the time of organization formulation. That is why, now in a new modern world every organization invests heavily to adopt a new information system to achieve these goals. Strategic role of IS: Information systems always support business operations and processes. Its help organization or business to conduct all function and activities properly. Information system support decision making for managers. Now a day the role and impact of information system direct boots the efficiency and performance of the business. With new advancement of technology a new concept develops in organization which can be define as strategic information system. Dr. Charles Wiseman first introduced the concept of Strategic information system or SIS into the field of information system in 1982-83. Almost any data processing system may be called Strategic if it aligns with computer strategies of business and with organization strategies When any organization implements the strategies through computer, can be define as strategic information system. They are the systems which apply on business strategies in such a way that computer system has an impact on the organization affiance and performance. Organizational information system develops to support to business activities. Organizational information system now become an integral and vital part of business, and directly influences on market share and all others aspects of profitability. At strategic level, through information system organizational planner can analysis and plan new direction for business. Need of Parallel Strategy: In this scenario every organization must focus and analysis one main strategy which is call parallel strategy. Parallel strategy can be define as a save and conservative conversion approach where both the old system and its potential replacement are run to gather for a time until everyone assured that the new system working correctly. This approach can be useful for those organizations that planned to convert its manual system into digital information system. Strategic objective of IS There are six main strategic objective of INFORMATION SYSTMEN are: Functional excellences through monitoring efficiency, productivity, and change in management behaviour through modern technology. Create opportunities and for product and services through new technology. Improved and speedy communication internally and externally within an organization. Quick and improve decision-making. Achievement of Competitive advantages. Survival of organization with help of information system and technology. Operational or functional role of IS: In every organization there is main four-system need to be monitor and control for smoothly run of the business at operational level. The performance of all department depend on system and its show overall performance of any organization. At operational level there are four main systems working together along with other resources of organization like people etc. For example at operational level systems are: Financial information system. Manufacturing information system. Human resource information system. Marketing information system. The financial management information system provides financial information to all financial managers within an organization including the chief financial officer. Financial system keeps of organizations financial assets and funds flow. Manufacturing information system provides all manufacturing information of production department. This information system deal with planning, developing and production of product and service On other hand human resource system are concerns with activities related to worker, managers, and other individual employed by organization. This system maintain employee records; track employee skills, job performance, and training ,and support for employee compensation and career development Next vital system is sale information systems which support managerial activities in the area of product development, distribution, pricing decision, promotional effectiveness and sale forecasting. Management analyzes historical and current financial activity, projects future financial needs, and monitors and controls. E:mis10eimagesimg09_01.jpg Development of information system: A new information system is develop as a solution to some type of problem or set of problem the organization face at different level on various occasions. There are two main reasons for new development of information system. Theses reason might be: Top management or manager realize that the organization is not performing as well as expected. Top management realize that the organization should take advantage of new technology and opportunities to perform more efficiently. An information system support daily, short term, and long term activities of users. It includes store clerk, sale representatives, accountant, manager executive etc. When information requirement change, the information system must meet the new requirement. Understanding information system is vital to all professionals. In todays organization manager and employee at all level work together and use information system. Both are connected directly and indirectly. Socio-technical entity: one important thing need to know about information system development is that an information system is a social and technological entity, and arrangement of both social and technical elements. The development of organizational information system not only involves, hardware, software, programmer, and communication, but also includes change in jobs, knowledge, skill management policies, and processes within organization. Development of organizational information system change organization as whole and change the decision making process as well. Before development of information system, the builder of system must understand how a system will affect the organization as whole, focusing particularly on organizational conflict and change. A new system can be technically successful but failure in social and political process of building new system can fail the whole system. The development of any information system always enhances the real picture in information service in the organization and help information management having a more participatory role in the operation of the organization. In every organization there are three general types of information systems develops and use to keep the business running smoothly. They are financial system, operational system and strategic system. All theses system further subdivided into different system and this division depend on the needs of organization. Technical and Human participation in System Development: Effective system development requires team effort. For every system development project, the organization build a team work on that system or project from beginning to end. That team consist on stakeholder, users, manager and various support personnel. Without the involvement of human no system can be successful at technically level. System development should involve representative from each department. This include nontechnical and IT professionals. The role and responsibilities of member of the system development team vary organization to organization. Following factor are very vital for system development: Stakeholder: all individuals who directly or indirectly affect on organization and they get benefit from system development project. Manager who has highly visible role as system sponsor are key stakeholders because they work hard for system success and ultimately receive some credit or blame. System member or human are very important for new system because they responsible for using system and make it successful. System analyst: A system analyst is a professional who specializes in analysing and designing organizational system and is responsible for designing and an information system for organization. Depending on the size of organization, the task perform by system analyst may vary, so without system analyst the development of information system not possible. They are the key professional who utilizes technology to develop a successful system for organization. They also deal and control all technical issue relate to information technology. In every organization networking of departments are only possible with combination of system analysts and new technology. Technical specialists: the technical specialists are responsible for installing and maintain local networks. The database specialists assist systems analysts and programmers in Developing or modifying applications that use the companys database; the database administrators administer and control an organizations data and information resources; the data warehousing specialists develop and design enterprise-wide applications, for data mining; the data communications specialists evaluate, install, and monitor data communications equipment and software and is responsible for connections to the Internet and other wide area networks. Software programmer: A software programmer is a professional who use computer language such as C++, Java, Perl, PHP, and visual basic. Computer programmer are responsible for making computer programme to satisfy user requirement, they take the plan from system analyst and build necessary software. Its clearly show that for success of any system depend on combination of human and technical resource. As human they participate in system development process, define their goal, and achieve the objective of development of information system. Human can play role as nervous within the organization. Human involvement is vital for any project. For example in case of any problem only machine or computer cannot do anything. Organizational Culture and Information System Organizational culture is personality of any organization. Culture is comprised of the assumption, values, norms, and tangible sign of organization member and their behaviour. Culture is one of those terms that difficult to express distinctly but everyone know it when they sense it. For example a culture of large organization is totally different form the culture of hospital or culture on university. The concept of culture is very important when organization attempting to develop a new information system. During last decade, the impact of national and organizational culture on development and use of information technology increases rapidly. Meanwhile many information technology scholars argue that organization need to understand culture difference if they want to deploy new information system. For this purpose it is vital to know the relationship between technology and culture. The world becomes global market with interaction and communication between people of different cultures. In fact global activities are facilitated by current advanced technology and communication. With rapid increase in technology we are now seeing that same technology being used by different people of different culture. Impact of organizational culture on development of IS process An increasing number of information system applications are implemented across national and cultural boundaries. During this development or transfer process many of these applications encounter problems which can be attribute to the difference between cultures of organization. Culture consists of several elements of which some are implicit and others are Explicit. Most often these elements are explain by terms such as behaviour, values, norms, and basic assumptions. Several studies have suggested that values are important category of culture. Values and practice are acquire early in life through childhood socialization and education then stable in nature but they can change over time and theses change reflects on culture. Hofstedes national model Like all human activities, culture influences on development of information system in different ways. Because of numerous aspects of culture has received particular attention. Hofstedes main research on national culture is principally describe in cultures consequences. The work of Hofstede stands out for the connection of design activities to national culture and organizational forms. His primary data were extracted from a pre-existing bank of employee attitude surveys undertaken around 1967 and 1973 within IBM subsidiaries in 66 countries is the basis for a significant theoretical explanation of the influence of culture on information system design. Geerd Hofstede developed four dimensions of culture such as uncertainty voidance, masculinity, power distance, and individuality influence in information system design. In addition, he compared the designs of geographic information systems in German and US countries. Because of the wealth of data and deep theoretical interpretation, his work has received much attention in the field than other fields Hofstede tried to examine the role of national culture in information system design. He constructed his model on review of sociological theories and work including Kluckho HN (1952, 1961), Parson (1951), Parson and Shils and Weber. In addition, Hofstedes model has been widely used in management research. Hofstedes four dimensions of national culture including: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Uncertainty avoidance: the extent to which future possibilities are defend against or accepted Power distance: the degree if inequality of power between a person at a higher level and a person at a lower level. Individualism: the relative importance of individual goals. Compared with group or collective goals. Masculinity: the extent to which the goal of men dominate those of women. Uncertainty avoidance is the focus on information systems in decision support systems. It is considered with power distance because of interaction effects. On the other hand, individualism and masculinity have little importance and relevance to German and US countries. According to Hofstede, in Germany and the USA, both characterized by low power distance, there are two possible ways to keep organizations to gather and reduce uncertainty. Conclusion This research report suggested that cultures role is dependent on several factors and it is an important topic of research for information system. Results show that competitive environment as well as the nature of itself affects the impact that culture values will have over the transfer process. Finally, it can be said that when culture is in agreement with the IS, the consequences may be as Follows: It allows us to know if the implementation of IS will be satisfactorily accepted It lays down the patterns forth usage of information. Thus, it helps identify which information is important, where it may be obtained and above all, to whom it must be supplied It is an important means of communication, both inside and outside the firm and it allows us to assess the effectiveness of IS applied to telecommunications. It creates cohesion among the members of a firm, as it explains the way things are done in a firm It allows the creation of a social control within a firm. For instance, the implementation of IS, and the correct predisposition of corporate members towards such IS, is hardly controlled merely by means of formal measures. Cultural roles are also very important in this respect. It may help increase the satisfaction of all internal collaborators of the firm, for it facilitates environmental adaptation and internal integration, thus reducing the anxiety created by IS

Andrew Carnegie :: essays research papers

Andrew Carnegie, a very factual and interesting biography, which was written by Alvin F. Harlow, was published in 1953 by Kingston House, Chicago and it contains 178 pages. Mr. Harlow wrote this book because of his love for history and his love of writing and his interest in the history of transportation and communication in America. This led him to write a series of books on biographies for young people. Like all his writings, he makes them factual and filed with humor and satire. Therefore perhaps he wrote these biographies to get young people interested in the great people of America history. As remarked that â€Å"In whatever manner Harlow writes-the dignified, objective attitude necessary to encyclopedias, the factual with touches of humor and satire which make his historical works interesting†¦these are his style and he â€Å"lets the story tell itself†. Andrew Carnegie, who was an extremely astute businessman, founder of a great steel empire, and a very generous philanthropist, was born in Dumferline, Scotland on November 25, 1835. His father William Carnegie was a weaver in his cottage. His mother Mary Morrison was a housewife. Because of the growth of textile mills, William Carnegie found it very difficult to earn money, so he decided at this time his family would emigrate to the U.S., settling in Allegheny, Pennsylvania. Andrew Carnegie was forced to work at the age of 13 because his father was earning a small income. Carnegie had no formal education; however, he gained most of his education by observing and experiencing almost everything around him. For instance, Carnegie learned how to use the telegraph by playing around with it when nobody was near. He became so good at working the telegraph, he actually was able to decode the messages by ear. At the sight of this, Thomas A. Scott, his boss promoted him to a clerk and telegraph operator. Later Mr. Scott promoted him to Vice President of the Western Division because of his zeal, honesty, loyalty, and conscientiousness. The promotion was the result of these qualities and Carnegie bringing Mr. Scott’s attention to the sleeping car, a very profitable investment for Pennsylvania Railroad. He began to invest in property where there might be oil with some of the citizens in Homewood, the city to which he had moved. It was very profitable; one deal results in a $40,000 purchase price turning into $3,000,000 two years later.

Describe a setting in which you have collaborated

AS you grow up you are going to meet a variety of different people. Every person you meet are not going to have the same views on life as you are . 1 came to realize that when my close friend Bianca and I disagreed on the topic going to college. Bianca and I have been friends since freshman year. Surprisely we never brought up the topic of college until senior year. One day I decided to start looking at colleges online to get an idea about where I wanted to go.AS I browse through colleges on College Board Bianca called me yelling and screaming about the new preview of teen wolf season 2. I was excited too but at the time I really wasn't focus on that. I was more focus on what school I wanted to attend. I decided to ask Bianca what college she wanted to go too. To my disbelief she said she wasn't going to college. I was astonished because she was such a smart and bright student. College also is such a big thing in my family.After high school that's where you were expected to go. I ask Bianca why she didn't want to go to college she replied saying because nobody in her family has ever gone to college. Everyone in her family was expected to work and most of all her family couldn't afford it. We continue talking more and more about college. I convinced her to go because its alot of programs out there to help her to go to college almost or even free. Education is so important.It would help her to get ere dream career of becoming a nurse. As she thought about it she said she was going to take everything we talked about into consideration. At first I was astonished by the fact one of my closet friends that I known since freshman year said she wasn't attending college. Then I came to realize that everyone comes from different backgrounds and have different views on things. In the end I convinced Bianca to attend college and education is important. This fall semester we will be roommates

The Crucible By Arthur Miller - 1191 Words

The Crucible Author s Purpose In the town of Salem in the Massachusetts Bay Colony, a mass of hysteria broke out. It all started in the spring of 1692, when a group of adolescent girls claimed the works of black magic within the village. This ultimately led to a â€Å"series of investigations and prosecutions that caused 19 convicted ‘witches’ to be hanged and many other suspects to be imprisoned† (Salem witch trials 1). Sparked by interest over such a series of tragic event, Arthur Miller produced an original play The Crucible to depict the haunting madness. However, Arthur Miller s sole purpose for writing and producing The Crucible would be to not only give his audiences exposure, but to also give them a little â€Å"taste† of all the delusional hysteria that took place in that small village. Through his play, he conveys the messages about a theocratic society within Salem and how the lack of separation between state and religion, ultimately led to recurring themes that are also refl ected in modern society such as hypocrisy, intolerance and fear. Arthur Miller begins Act One of The Crucible with an overture in which was written to bring his audience to an understanding of the historical background. In this overture, he mentions about a theocracy society. In which he states, â€Å"For good purposes, even high purposes, the people of Salem developed a theocracy, a combine of state and religious power whose function was to keep the community together, and to prevent any kind of disunityShow MoreRelatedThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1269 Words   |  6 PagesAt first glance, the playwright Arthur Miller in The Crucible highlights the historical significance of the Salem Witch Trials of 1692, but in fact it is an allegorical expression of his perception of McCarthyism. If the reader has some background information on Arthur Miller’s victimization as a communist, it is evident that the play is a didactic vessel illustrating the flaws of the court system in the 1950’s. The communist allegations were launched at govern ment employees, entertainers and writersRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1681 Words   |  7 Pagesof their way to the last dying breath to make sure they leave with a good or bad reputation. In one of the recent literature study in class â€Å"The Crucible† by Arthur Miller, Miller uses characterization to illustrate reputation throughout the play. â€Å"The Crucible† takes place in Salem, Massachusetts. It is based upon the Salem witch trails. In â€Å"The Crucible†, we journey through the life of three characters who reputations plays a major role in the play. The three characters are John Proctor, AbigailRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1333 Words   |  6 PagesAs the various characters in The Crucible by Arthur Miller interact, the dominant theme of the consequences of women’s nonconformity begins to slide out from behind the curtains of the play. Such a theme reveals the gripping fear that inundated the Puritans during the seventeenth c entury. This fear led to the famous witch-hunts that primarily terrorized women who deviated from the Puritan vision of absolute obedience and orthodoxy. Arthur Miller presents his interpretation of the suffering by subtlyRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller998 Words   |  4 Pagesmotivated by jealousy and spite. The Crucible is a four-act dramatic play production that was first performed on January 22, 1953. Arthur Miller used dialogue within the characters to cover the multiple themes; conflicts and resolutions, plus the few directions for the different actions of the play. The Salem Witch Trials were intended to be performed as the play however, when read, it can be more carefully examined and broken down to analyze the techniques. Miller, the playwright, uses literaryRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1145 Words   |  5 PagesUnbalance Through The Centuries In Arthur Miller’s play, The Crucible, the author reflects the persecution of communists in America in the 1950’s through a recount of the Salem witch trials. It is often presumed that Miller based his drama directly off of events that were particularly prevalent in the years surrounding the publication of The Crucible- which was released in the year 1953, towards the conclusion of the Korean War. Although there was not a literal witch hunt occurring during this timeRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1063 Words   |  5 PagesIn the English dictionary, there are three definitions of the word crucible. One is a metal container in which metals are mixed and melted. Another is a severe test. But the third definition, and the one that I think fits the best for this book, is a place or situation in which different elements interact to create something new. In my mind, this fits because all of the characters had their little grudges and dirty secrets. But when all th ose seemingly little things interact, they formed somethingRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1285 Words   |  6 Pages Rationale, Morality, Stereotypes, Pressure, Self-Censorship, Unanimity, and Mindguards. Groupthink has also taken place in our history a a country. The play, The Crucible by Arthur Miller is about a the real-life Salem Witch Trials that happened in 1692 - 1693, in Salem, Massachusetts. Some symptoms of Groupthink found in the Crucible are Rationale, Pressure, and Self-Censorship. The Groupthink symptom, Rationale, is described as when victims of Groupthink ignore warnings: they also collectivelyRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller811 Words   |  4 Pages While The Crucible, by Arthur Miller, is only a four act play, it still resembles the format of a five act play. The five-act structure evolved from a three-act structure, which was made famous by Roman Aelius Donatus. Donatus came up with three types of plays: Protasis, Epitasis, and Catastrophe. The five-act structure helped to expand the three act structure, mainly made famous by Shakespeare through his many tragedies. Even though The Crucible contains only four acts, it still has the commonRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1052 Words   |  5 PagesBuddy Al-Aydi Ms.Healy English 9 CP 14th October 2014 The Crucible Essay The Crucible was a novel written by Arthur Miller in the 1950’s. It was written in a format of the play, portraying an allegory of the Salem Witch-Hunts led by Senator Joseph McCarthy. The book is known to have a inexplicable plot. This plot is advanced by multiple characters in the book in order to ensure that the reader maintains interest with the material that is being read. The farmer, John Proctor, would be theRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller841 Words   |  4 PagesThe Crucible is a chaotic play, throughout this American classic Arthur Miller takes the reader through multiple events of terror and insanity. While creating a great on-stage play, Arthur Miller portrays his life through the events, the characters, and plot of The Crucible. Using vivid imagery and comprehensible symbolism, Miller manipulates the real personalities of the characters and events in 1600 Salem, Massachusetts to create a symbolic autobiography. Throughout this play, the reader experie nces

Children as Writers Issues Relating to Effective Teaching of Writing Free Essay Example, 3750 words

And other organisational features are used by writers in their pursuit to communicate ideas, which are not the case with speakers whose reliance is on context, facial expressions, and pauses 200, p. It has been a pursuit of the new Primary Framework that the literacy of children is ensured alongside effective means on how to make children writers. The creation of children writers and the specified processes that goes with it is said to heighten the standard of school curricula aiming to raise the writing and language skills of children. As this paper is concerned with how children develop as writers, it is important to include the stages involved in this process and the issues relating to the effective teaching of writing. The key to this development is the ability of the teacher to support young writers since writing demands reflection and restructuring of ideas in a relatively abstract form even at the simplest level 200, p. There is a sequence in which children writers must build around, enabling them to concentrate on certain aspects of writing without the teacher’s need of dealing with all the others simultaneously, allowing each to work effectively towards independent writing. We will write a custom essay sample on Children as Writers: Issues Relating to Effective Teaching of Writing or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now In this paper, these issues are relevant support and independent writing, effective writing, and concreteness and abstract character of writing. It is often a great concern that independent writing should proceed when children finally learned the what’s and how’s in writing. However, doing this is not an outright activity that children can learn in a short pace. Independent writing, apart from shared writing, is advocated by teachers and schools, enabling children to translate their ideas through usage of grammatical structures and other organisational features in their own means and terms. However, doing this alone seems a problem on the part of the child if relevant support is lacking and is thus resolved through the presence of this support. The National Literacy Strategy outlines specific procedures in the provision of relevant support to children as writers. Independent learning is thus not separate from providing relevant support by the teacher, but should rather be initialised through it. With relevant support, the teacher enables children to keep the story in their heads, in which a clear sense of the overall text is viewed, as well as how it should be ended. The style and

Business Ethics And Practices Of Goldman Sachs - 3814 Words

Assignment 1 Q1 – What was up with Wall Street? The Goldman Standard and Shades of Gray. Go back through the case; make a list of each action/ practice that could be called a gray area. The problems to be investigated are the business ethics and practices of Goldman Sachs. There were several grey areas in which Goldman Sachs operated their business. Ethical Grey areas are situations and problems that don’t fit neatly into any existing mode of ethical analysis within the business (Marshall, 2007). Peter Drucker’s interpretation of business ethics is that personal ethics and business ethics cannot be separated. He uses the example of businessmen should not cheat, steal, lie, bribe, or take bribes. But nor should anyone else. He also mentioned that â€Å"men and women don’t acquire exemption from ordinary rules of personal behavior because of their work or job† (Drucker, 1986). The first grey area was Goldman Sachs using a technique called â€Å"layering†. Goldman would start a company and used their own money to buy 90% of the shares. The public would see how the stocks were selling so quickly and wanted a piece of the pie. The public were unaware that Goldman was buying their own stocks and then continuously increasing the price of the stock and selling it back at the higher price. Goldman saw how well this was working and decided to continue with this practice. He started new companies and followed the same formula as before, making bags of money, while investors had no ideaShow MoreRelatedEthical Problems Faced By The Wells Fargo Case Essay1731 Words   |  7 Pagesemployees engaged in illegal practices. Some of the problem include: I. Saying things you know are not true: Goldman’s analysts said many things that were not true to investors including saying that a security was a good investment when indeed it was not. II. Giving or allowing false impressions: Goldman’s layering strategy allowed the false impression that the stock price of the investment firms had increased or that the stock was very popular and wanted, but in fact, Goldman bought 90 percent of theRead MoreCase Study: What Is Up with Wall Street? the Goldman Standard and Shades of Gray1911 Words   |  8 PagesNORTHCENTRAL UNIVERSITY ASSIGNMENT COVER SHEET Learner: Demetrice S. Campbell | | MGT7019-8 | Douglas Buck | | | Ethics in Business | #3 Paper- Case study: What is Up With Wall Street? The Goldman Standard and Shades of Gray | | | Academic Integrity: All work submitted in each course must be the Learner’s own. This includes all assignments, exams, term papers, and other projects required by the faculty mentor. The known submission of another person’s work representedRead MoreKohlberg s Six Stages Of Moral Development1575 Words   |  7 Pages1. Goldman Sachs should have been punished for its behavior in the years leading up to the financial crisis. Goldman ended up settling with the federal government for $110 Billion, which I do not believe was sufficient based on the magnitude of problems created. This amount should have been much larger, and at minimum they should have forfeited the $14 Billion paid to them by AIG. (Inside Job, 2011) In addition, AIG should have had the right to sue Goldman Sachs for fraud. It was in the public’sRead MoreEthics in Accounting1196 Words   |  5 PagesEthics in Accounting By Pace University – New York Accounting for Decision Making, MBA 640 Fall 2011 Required Research Paper Page 1 of 11 Table of Contents Number Content Page Number 1 Introduction 3 2 Ethics in Accounting 4 3 Enron Scandal 6 4 Satyam Scandal 8 5 Conclusion 10 6 References 11 Page 2 of 11 Introduction †¢ What is â€Å"Ethics†? Ethics, also known as moral philosophy, is a branch of philosophy that addresses questionsRead MoreEthical Dilemmas Of A Business Leader1268 Words   |  6 PagesA business leader is seen as an influential and ethical authority figure. This ideal notion of a business leader is not always demonstrated. There are many business leaders that engage in unethical behaviors. â€Å"Ethical issues arise in every organization and throughout operations† (Collins, 2009, p. 13). Business leaders run into ethical dilemmas every day and it is up to them to make the best decision possible for the organization. Being ethical is not always easy to do in business. There are businessRead MoreWhat is up with Wall Street? The Goldman Standard and Shades of Gray1881 Words   |  8 PagesWhat is up with Wall Street? The Goldman Standard and Shades of Gray Introduction The problem to be investigated is the application of business ethics. In the business world, ethics are extremely important. Ethics are prime elements that help a business to grow and to become more productive. It is by applying proper business ethics that a business can operate in a moral or ethical business environment and managed to conduct all activities in a manner that maximizes profits while not compromisingRead MoreShades of Gray (Ethical Behavior) Essay1783 Words   |  8 Pagesdisplayed very questionable behavior. Companies like Goldman and Sachs utilizing questionable trading techniques in order to gain a financial profit while leaving behind companies in the dust and eliminating hundreds if not thousands of jobs in the process. Ethics is more than doing what’s right or wrong. It’s a way of life and how we can have an effect on others. Question 1: Go back through the case and make a list of each action or practice that could be called a gray area. The Layering Strategy:Read MoreInside Job1673 Words   |  7 Pages ID NUMBER :05048569 INSIDE JOB: Inside Job  is a 2010  documentary film about the  late 2000’s financial crisis  . The film is in five parts the film explores how changes in the policy environment and banking practices helped create the financial crisis. The movie starts with showing the Iceland bank where it all started from the land scape is shown green and fresh but then as the corporations moves into the country it becomes muddy and dry land with pollutionRead MoreEthical Dilemma in Consulting Essays1406 Words   |  6 PagesEthics in Consulting Ethics dilemmas in consulting Ethics has become an important topic in business today with good reason. Just look at the headlines: Rajat Gupta Scandal, Anil Kumar and Rajaratnam scandal, Enron, Worldcom, Health South, Great depression, financial crisis due to unethical behaviour by the banks etc. All of these cases are related to consultants either directly or indirectly and they occurred due to the moral fallacy of some of them. Ethics is an extremely relevant value inRead MoreThe Enron And Enron s Scams, The Ponzi Scheme Perpetrated By Bernard Madoff Essay1183 Words   |  5 PagesBernard Madoff s, the latest accusations of Goldman Sachs tricking option traders to guarantee the company s personal profit. Incidents such as these designed us all, as upcoming corporation professionals as well as market leaders, think about ethics and its particular function in the commercial world (Gross, 2010.) Organization integrity can be a principle associated with comprehending what s morally appropriate and/or allowable on the job. Ethics by itself is really a relative idea: everything

Role of superior court judges Essay Example For Students

Role of superior court judges Essay Law is one part of a set of processes, social, political, economic and cultural, which shape and direct the development of society. Like all other mechanisms the law seeks to govern human behaviour. The Irish law system belongs to common law systems established in England by the Norman’s. This type of law responded to actual rather than anticipated problems. In contrast the law in the civil system is contained in comprehensive codes which are enacted by legislators and which attempt to provide for every legal contingency. Case law or ‘la jurisprudence’ has lesser significance and lacks the quality of enjoying in the force of law. Sources of law include Common law, Legislation, Constitution, E.C law, Custom, Canon and international. The courts currently in operation are the District, Circuit, High, Special Criminal, Court of Criminal appeal and the Supreme Court. In the Constitution Articles 34 to37which are headed ‘The Courts’ provide a broad outline regarding the structure of the court system and in terms of legal validity whatever structures exist must conform to the basic framework established by the Constitution. Article 34.1states that ‘justice shall be administered in courts established by law by Judges appointed in the manner provided by this Constitution, and, save in such special and limited cases as prescribed by the law, shall be administered in public’. This signifies that the Irish Constitution has adopted the principle that the administration of justice must be assigned to a separate arm of government, in accordance with the doctrine of the separation of powers which wa s central to the American and French revolutions of the eighteenth century. The significant feature of Articles 34 to 36 of the Constitution is that they refer specifically to the High Court and Supreme Court. By mentioning these it has shown that these courts have special status. These courts are the highest courts in the land with the Supreme Court being the court of final appeal. Up until 1961 the courts in operation were ‘transitory’ courts under Article 58 of the Constitution. After the stateKillian versus Minister for Finance1954 IR207the courtsestablishment and Constitutionact 1961 was passed to regularize the position and ‘establish’ the court system envisaged by Article 34.1. This system remains in existence today and is where Judges operate under. Under the Constitution the judicial function is the third organ of government and consists of the interpretation of the Constitution and the law and its application by rule or discretion to disputes which arise between the State and the individual, and between individual and another individual. Justice is to be administered in courts, established by statute law, by judges appointed in the manner prescribed in the Constitution (Article. 34)The President appoints judges of the ordinary courts. A judge cannot be a member of the Oireachtas, or hold any other position of emolument (Articl e. 35) and on appointment makes a constitutional declaration to ‘duly and faithfully and to the best of his knowledge and power execute the office without fear or favour, affection or ill-will towards any man, and that he will uphold the Constitution and the laws.’ Should this declaration not be made within ten days of entering office, a judge is considered to have vacated that office (Article. 34). The appointment of a judge on the advice of the Government is not one of presidential discretion, but is a function which, in conformity with Article 13.9, is to be performed ‘only on the advice of the Government’. The appointment of a judge, as Finlay P. said in The State (Walshe) V. Murphy is an act ‘requiring the President’s intervention for its effectiveness in law, (but) in fact (it is) the decision and act of the Executive’. This means that any attempt to change the system of appointment by ordinary legislation – by, e.g., requiring the consent of both Houses of the Oireachtas – would probably be unconstitutional in as much as it trenched on a constitutional right of the Executive. In The State (Killian) V. Minister for Justice, the Supreme Court accepted that the judges whose appointment was envisaged by this section were judges of the courts contemplated by Article. 34, i.e., courts which in 1937 were yet to be established. When these were eventually set up in 1961, by the Courts (Established and Constitution) Act of that year, the courts established by the Courts of Justice Act, 1924, and continued in their jurisdictions by the transitory provisions of Article 58., were extinguished. The judges of the old courts, however, were maintained in the equivalent ‘new’ judicial offices, by virtue of the special ‘new’ judicial offices, by virtue of the special provisions of sub-sections 5, 17 and 29 of the Courts (Supplement Provisions) Act 1961. As these were technically fresh appointments, fresh declarations under Article 34.5 had to be made. Under the ‘Courts and Court Officers Act, 1995’, it states that a body of people, who identify and inform the government of the suitability of the people who are to be appointed to a judicial office. This body is known as the Judicial Appointments Advisory Board. The Chief Justice, who is chairperson of the boardThe President of the Circuit CourtA practicing barrister, who is nominated by the Chairperson of the Board and of the Council of the Bar of IrelandA Practicing solicitor, who is nominated by the President of the Law Society of IrelandAlso no more than 3 people appointed by the Minister who are engaged in, or have knowledge or experience of commerce, finance, administration or have experience as consumers of the services provided by the courts that the Minister considers appropriateA person appointed to be a member of the Board who are a barrister or a solicitor and who are appointed by the Minister, are only allowed to be a member of the Board for not more than 3 years but they are eligible for re-appointment to the Board. The Board can act notwithstanding a vacancy an its membership. A person who wishes to be considered for appointment to judicial office shall so inform the Board in writing and shall provide the Board with such information as it may require to enable it to consider the suitability of that person for the judicial office, including information in relation to education, professional qualifications, experience and character. The Board shall where a judicial office stands vacant, or a vacancy in a judicial office arise, submit to the Minister the name of each person who wishes to be considered for appointment and shall recommend to the Minister at least seven people for the appointment to that judicial office. In advising the President in relation to the appointment of a person to a judicial office, the government shall firstly consider for appointment those people whose names have been recommended to the Minister. A notice of an appointment to judicial office shall be published in the ‘Iris Oifiguil’ and the notice shall include a statement that the name of the person was recommended by the Board to the Minister. ‘Law and Politics’ Shaping the FutureWhile law and Politics are not supposed to mix, political allengiegence and beliefs of Judges play a significant role in their appointment. The system of judicial appointment was described as â€Å"a Judicial appointment does not ‘just happen’. It is in a very real sense the finest and the most desirable appointment that the Government can make. It is a In the past, and maybe even today Judges sought to win favour of the Government by in‘State cases’ or by getting to know members of Government personally. While there was certainly a political element to judicial appointment for many years, it must be stated tough that they must have met the qualification standards and they were required to remain independent in their decisions. The system had come in for some criticism and since 1995 new arrangements have been in place which established a more transparent process for judicial appointments. This was established under the Courts and Court Officers Act 1995. An example of how this changed the system of appointments is seen in Section 16 of the Act. This provides that Judges must agree to undertake to any course of training or education required. The Gator Game EssayThe state must also remain independent from the Judiciary. An example of how the court remain independent, is the Byrne versus Ireland case in the Supreme Court which removed the states immunity from being sued. This paved the way for many more similar cases to be tried. The state can now be sued like any other body or company. Recent examples of this include the Army deafness claims. In this case one successful case paved the way for others, and the Government ended up paying large sums of money to the claimants. As a result they set up their own tribunal where they limited the amount of compensation that could be paid in each individual case. Article 35.5 of the Constitution provides: the remuneration of a Judge should not be reduced during his countaince in office. This is important, as so members of the Judiciary do not feel â€Å"obliged† to the Government as continued remuneration depended on them. In the past the Judiciary might have felt that they should make decisions that would not offend those in authority. That however has changed and can be seen in cases such as the Hepatitis C scandal and Army deafness claims. There was also a case in October of this year where Mr. Justice Peter Kelly threatened to hold three Government Ministers in contempt of court if they did not provide a suitable place of detention for a seriously disturbed seventeen year old girl according to the standards set down by him. This led to a conflict between the Government and the High Court. Cases like these show that judges no longer feel ‘obliged’ to the government. Article 35.2 states: All Judges shall be independent in the exercise of their judicial function and subject only to the Constitution and the law. In the â€Å"O’Brien V Minister of Finance† the widow of Mr. Justice John O’Brien claimed that subjecting a Judge’s conflict with Article 35.5 must be read with article 35.2. However the court held that to require a Judge to pay income tax like all other citizens could not be described as an attack on Judicial Independence. In a case a Judge may be required to be excused from the adjudicating on a matter where they have expressed a view on an issue in question. A Fundamental principal of natural justice or fair procedure is expressed by the phrase nemo judex in-causa soa, that a person may not be a judge in their own cause or in a matter in which they have an interest, whether financial or otherwise. All sides to ensure a fair procedure must have an opportunity to prepare their case and be treated in an even-handed manner. Thus in the Dublin Weel Woman Centre Versus Ireland, the Supreme Court held that the High Court Judge Carroll, ought not adjudicate in a case concerning access to information on abortion n as she had previously as Chairwoman of the second omission on the status of women, written a letter to the Taoiseach expressing the support of the commission for right to access to abortion counseling and information services speaking for the Supreme Court, Denham J pointed out that there had been n o suggestion that this letter would have resulted in any actual bias on the part of Carroll J in adjudicating the points of law at issue in the case; rather a Judge should offer to rescue himself or herself where there was even an appearance of bias.This test of appearance of bias rather then actual bias is consistent with the constitutional declaration in article 34.5.1 â€Å"to execute the judicial office without fear or favour, affection or ill-will†. This decision in Dublin Well-woman indicates the high standards of impartiality thus required. Judicial Independence in court also means that the Judge cannot be influenced by the state. This is seen where the court might force the Constitution to be amended. The Judge must be allowed to go against the state if he/she feels the state is wrong. In the Attorney General Versus X, the high court granted the Attorney General an injunction prohibiting the fourteen-year-old girl from leaving the state to have an abortion. It appeare d that in the constitution, abortion was allowed in limited circumstances, to which the Supreme Court agreed, because the right to life of the mother was at risk. In response to the X case three proposed amendments to article 40.3.3 were put to a referendum in late l992. Two of these were passed, but after eight years no legislation on abortion was brought in. Mr. Justice Niall McCarthy lambasted the Government when he described this failure as â€Å"no longer unfortunate, it is inexcusable†. This i a prime example of how Judges are independent from the state in court. Until recently it was unthinkable for a judge to give a comment about a case in which he had been involved. The view is that Judges made decisions but any implications were not matters for them as the Judiciary should stand aloof. In l992 public comments of O’Hanlon J on proposed changes in Irish law on abortion, resulted in his resigning from the position as President of the Law Reform Commission. Altho ugh it did not lead to removal of him as a judge it shows what can happen if they become embroiled publicly in cases on which they hold strong views. The Court system is very detailed and precise in that it doesn’t seem to have any loopholes. However it should have been set up by the Constitution instead of leaving it until the Courts Act in 1961. There is also a clear guideline on how Judges should be appointed which sets a very high standard of qualifications for the appointment of a Judge. However it is clear that the vacant positions are only available to a select few. There are some faults in our system such as the Minister having the power to introduce Legislation after they have been passed. This can be seen in the Attorney General versus X case mentioned previously. I believe the separation of powers is also imperfect, as all departments are interdependent. However I believe this can be a good thing that the powers i.e. legislature, executive and the judicial, are not separated as we the people, benefit from it with Justice. Bibliography: